Miraa Khat bad for mental health, study shows

New evidence gathered among Somali refugees living in Eastleigh, Nairobi, shows miraa or khat can lead to serious mental health problems, especially when chewed in large amounts.

A report published on Wednesday by the universities of Nairobi, Konstanz of Germany and Minnesota, US, and the Africa Mental Health Foundation provides new evidence that could boost recent calls by Muslim leaders to ban the trade of the product at the Coast.

The researchers in a new study published in the journal Frontiers in Public Health, and which specifically targeted Somali refugees living in Eastleigh, say most of them are heavy consumers of the herb and are showing signs of ill health.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates there are about 30,000 Somali refugees living in Eastleigh.

"We found severe khat-use patterns with long sessions and high average amount of use," says the study, which was led by Marina Widmann and Abdulkadir Hussein Warsame of Konstanz and Nairobi universities respectively.

The refugees, the researchers say, are already stressed because of their past experiences and most seek for solace in miraa which ends up worsening their mental health.
Three-quarters of the users were found to suffer from various types of khat-induced psychological symptoms such as depression, delusions, confused and disturbed thoughts.

"We also found the existence of an extreme user group with very noxious khat-consumption patterns that include prolonged use for over 24 hours. Almost all these users experienced khat-related psychotic symptoms," says the report.

Some were found to chew miraa for a continuous period of 28 hours and spending more than a day in unbroken sleep.

The male refugees participating in the study were found to consume an average of 16 retail bundles per week per individual, which was deemed to be significantly high by the researchers.

The highest use of miraa has been documented by the same team in the southern region of Kismayo where militiamen use up 21 retail units per week.

"Our study confirms a high association of psychological symptoms and khat use and further shows that the use of huge amounts of the herb can lead to mental health disorders," conclude the researchers.
The study builds to increasing local evidence which seems to support the recent classification of miraa as a drug in the UK. The UK has since banned export of miraa in the country which has greatly angered khat farmers and politicians mainly from Meru.

The leaders have interpreted the UK move as a wider campaign by the West to hurt Kenyans but the piling scientific evidence about the leafs' health hazards could justify the calls for a ban.

During the Eid al-Fitr celebrations on Tuesday, Mombasa Governor Ali Hassan Joho and several political leaders called for a ban on miraa trade in the region.

Changamwe MP Omar Mwinyi and his Jomvu counterpart Badi Twalib asked Governor Joho to ban khat, saying it was destroying lives of youths and marriages.

By: Standard Digital News

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Ethiopia: the green gold drug of Ethiopia Khat is under threat

The European ban  Challenges the Ethiopian green leafs call Khat export, While Ethiopian Government agencies and traders are lobbying to Export Rome and Romania to smuggle through European markets. The British ban – coming at a time of strained relations between the UK and Kenya – has only strengthened the crop’s position in Kenya itself.  For decades, Meru has lobbied for government support in the industry, but mostly governments since Independence have taken a hands-off approach to a crop subject to international suspicion.  With the British ban, the government finally threw its support behind it, funding, legal action in the UK against the decision, and attending protest rallies in Meru.  Kenyan lawmakers told the British government that a Khat Drug ban in Britain could lead to people once employed in the trade joining al-Shabab, an armed rebel group in Somalia. Though these Kenyan efforts have not swayed opinion in the UK Home Office, they do reflect quite a change in the Kenyan government’s policy towards the substance. The British government banned the Khat drug, which is already prohibited in the United States and much of Europe countries.

 Abdi Tsegaye, FORTUNE  Staff Wrote this Opinion: -
 Just like most of his countrymen in the East and West Haraghe Zones of the Oromia region, there is a lot at stake for Abdella Yusuf, 41, with the one item he knows most, Khat, coming under threat.

    Ethiopia  is a land of scarce water resources, and they are even more threatened by the cultivation of khat (mildly hallucinogenic psychostimulant leaves that are very popular in Horn of Africa). Khat is quite expensive, especially for local standards, and income of many addicted is spent mainly on consumption of the plant, leaving them undernourished. The eating of khat and not eating a proper balanced diet, plus dehydration, it causes damages both brain – leading to psychiatric.
The legend behind the discovery of this addictive leaf is very much the same as that of coffee: A Yemeni herdsman, on seeing his goats becoming overactive after chewing the leaves, tried it for himself, before sharing his wisdom with the world.

As the elder son of a Khat farmer in East Hararghe Zone, Abdella has been on the farm helping his father since early childhood.

Khat has served many purposes in his locality. On top of being a means of making a living for almost all of his neighborhood and extended family members, it is used to welcome and entertain guests, in mourning, at weddings and during collective labour.

He withdrew from school in grade eight, becoming one of the numerous small scale Khat traders supplying different varieties of the crop with different vernacular names in Dire Dawa. He expanded his business upon reaching the market in Addis Abeba during his early 20s.

Successful enough to find foreign markets for the green leaf he regards as “the one I know most”, he began exporting Khat to China a decade and a half ago. Business was going well; so too was life. He has married and became a father to a daughter. There were no problems of supply from the East and West Hararghe Zones. No problem of market too. He was sending between 800kg to 1000kg of dry and fresh Khat he acquired from farmers in Aweday – the place most famous for quality Khat – and Baddessa, another famous region for the crop. Almost a decade in the business and with an increasing number of daughters, now four, the first blow came when China banned Khat from crossing its border.

“When China banned Khat, I was quite confused at first,” he recalls. “My best experience and knowledge is all about Khat, I don’t know what to do if not Khat.”

Thus, a shift in the destination to the two types of Khat he has been exporting. He succeeded in gaining access to Khat chewers in The Netherlands. But, not such a large amount as was being sent to China is possible there. The scale of his exports, as well as his earnings, have decreased by half. But now, the same blow comes from the government of The Netherlands.

A third market destination had to be found, in order to reach members of the Somali, Yemeni and Ethiopian communities, accustomed to chewing the green stimulating leaf, beginning from the time spent back in their home countries.

However, this Ramadan has not come with good news for Abdella, though he was aware of it ahead of time. Right at the beginning of the fasting season, on Saturday, June 22, 2014, Ethiopian Airlines informed him that it will no longer carry Khat to the UK. And in the UK, two days were left for the deadline that activated a legislation by the House of Commons to add the crop to the banned category C drugs in the country. Amidst this, Abdella’s 1,700 Kg of Khat ready to be transported to the UK on Saturday and Sunday has been left in the store.

“I thought I would be sending on those days and so brought 700kg to Addis Abeba and collected 1,000kg in my stores in Aweday and Baddessa,” he said.

With the latest classification of Khat as a category C drug, penalties for possession could lead to two years in prison. For the supply and production, up to 14 years of imprisonment could result.

“Police can issue a warning or an on-the-spot fine of £60 for the first two times that \ person is found with Khat,” says the UK government’s document on drug penalties. “If you’re found with khat more than twice, you could get a maximum penalty of up to two years in prison, an unlimited fine or both.”

It seems that the decision has been made in the west that Khat is a harmful drug, with the UK joining the league of nations that have banned its import, use and distribution. In the producing countries, such as Ethiopia and Kenya, however, the repercussions are unsettling in many respects.

Abdella is one of the 300 exporters of Khat to different destination across the globe, with Somalia and Djibouti taking the lead.

Their collective exports make Khat one of the top three export items in terms of dollar revenues for Ethiopia. The amount of dollars it has brought to the nation, as well as the volume of export, has been steadily rising. The country exported 22,000tn of Khat in 2007/08, earning 108 million dollars. This increased by 3500tn the following year, with 31 million dollars in additional earnings. The volume of exports increased to 36,000tn, 41,000tn, 41,100tn, respectively, for the three consecutive years that followed 2008/09. The country has also earned 209 million dollars, 238 million dollars and 240 million dollars during those years.

The rise, both in terms of volume and earnings, has also continued in 2012/13, reaching 271 million dollars in earnings from the export of 47,000tn of Khat. This was followed by 249 million dollars being earned from 44,000tn over just the past ten months.

Among the top three export destinations of Khat from Ethiopia, the UK is third, with Somalia taking the lead followed by Djibouti, in terms of dollars earned. In 2012/13 alone, the country reaped 14 million dollars from the Khat exported to the UK. Somalia, which is contributing 78pc of the earnings, bought 201 million dollars worth of Khat, followed by Djibouti, with 42 million dollars. A small portion of the earnings, 1.6 million dollars, is also earned from export to Israel.

Nonetheless, the country is exporting only a small portion of the total amount of Khat it has been producing. In 2012/13, only 47,000tn made its way to the foreign market, out of the 190,000tn produced by close to 2.5 million farmers cultivating the crop on a total area of 201,115ha.

It is mainly produced in the Oromia region, which accounted for 64pc of the total production in 2012/13, with close to 1.5 million farmers engaged in its cultivation.  Next is the Southern region, which contributed 24pc of the total production through its 714,276 million smallholder farmers. A considerable amount of farmers also produce 3.2pc of its production in the Amhara region, with other regions, including Somali, Harari, Dire Dawa and Benishangul Gumuz, contributing the remaining amount.

If there is one thing puzzling about the cultivation and trade of this plant in Ethiopia, even as a premier export item, it is its power to prove itself both on the domestic and foreign markets, completely independently and with no policy provisions from the government.

The only one section within the Ministry of Trade (MoT) working on issues related to Khat is the Khat Marketing Team under the Food Crops Marketing Directorate. The main task of this team is to oversee the export aspect of the Khat market, according to Tesfaye Amare, the team’s coordinator.

“There is neither research nor a package for extension support for the product,” he told Fortune. “It seems that the government is not concerned, even if the whole world bans it.”

Officials at the Agricultural Extension, Crop Department within the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the Agricultural Research Institute have also confirmed that the cultivation and distribution of the plant are being operated solely by the farmers, without any support from them.

“We do not have any package or program regarding Khat, thus we have no policy ground to take action in any way,” says the crop department section head at the MoA. “However, as one of the major sources of foreign currency, it needs to be packaged and supported by the government.”

Only demand has kept it as one of the top commercial agricultural commodities, though, according to Tesfaye.

With the latest ban coming from the UK, Abdella, unlike the government, is not remaining indifferent. He is looking for other market opportunities.

Photo: Insp Ben Gillard and Jawaahir Dahir with some khat: Somalis. hararians, Oromo and Afars in UK say drugs ban on khat should be celebrated.




By geeskaafrika.com

GeskaAfrika

GeskaAfrika

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Khat consumers’ dilemma: Mafrash, Mosque or the British Pub?

 
Officially, Khat is illegal in the UK. The debate over the pros and the cons of the ban is still raging not only in this country, but across the world, particularly in countries where Khat is produced and consumed

For the pro-camps, the UK government has done the right thing, which should have been done long time ago.  For them, their argument and the voice of the families, addicts and others who have suffered under the influence of the stimulant plant has been heard by the government. To them, the day has come when families will be healed from the trauma and the distress caused by the consumption of the drug. To their satisfaction, days when children missed school or truanted due to their addict parents’ neglect  are numbered and the ban will put some common sense back into the minds of these drug crazed parents.


They believe that the phenomenon of neglected children taken by social services because of the failure of their addict parents will be a thing of the past. This is a new phenomenon to the UK’s Somali community where some children are being taken by the state only to be given to lesbian or gay parents, perceived by the community as an outrageous act of betrayal by the state as it’s against their culture.

To them, young minds ruined by the use of Khat will be healed and used to their benefit and others. Unemployment – caused by laziness and lethargy induced by the use of drug – will be reduced, as sober minds will seek employment in this competitive British labour market. Physical and mental health issues among Khat consuming communities will be improved as the drug, which they associate with physical and mental health problems, will be taken off the streets. Indeed, suppliers, users and addicts will think twice before attempting to break the law; the ban will help push the drug out of people’s reach.

To the pro-camp, Somalia’s contemporary history supports the British government’s action. In 1980s, the military regime banned Khat to curb some socio-economic problems (e.g. marriage breakdowns, unemployment and physical and mental health) it associated with the drug.  At the time, supporters of the ban believed the government did the right thing because some sort of law was needed to combat problems associated with Khat.
Believe or not, there were huge markets in major cities, such as the Sinai  market, which was dedicated to the supply and the consumption of the green plant.  Fridays, Mogadishu’s Khat consuming community e.g. ordinary people, middle class people and civil servants congregated at markets to see the weekend through.

And lastly, the pro-ban group believe the ban will help the Somali community integrate with the wider British community because healed minds will be forced to adventure out into the wider community, seeking employment and other business interests.  Isolation and loneliness will be a thing of the past.

To the opponents of the ban, the government has banned a popular recreational drug used by people in East Africa and Asia as past-time habit and in social events.  To them, to chew this green plant is un-harmful habit and one of the best ways to spend good quality time with friends and relatives, just as going to an English pub with good friends at weekends is a good way of socialising with your own community.

When it comes to the negative side effects of the use of Khat, they argue that it is more or less the same as the consumption of any other drugs e.g. alcohol. Use it too much and you are down the gutter, use it sensibly and you have the best of both worlds: recreational mild drug for socialising, and a booming business associated with Khat, creating much needed jobs in the community.

From the experiences of banning other drugs, it is very likely the Khat business will just go under-ground, becoming more expensive and dangerous to suppliers, consumers, and the wider community. This means long-term jail terms for suppliers, unregulated expensive Khat market emptying users’ pockets, and a wider economic fall out as income generated from Khat will be lost in an already marginalised community.

To them, the British government, having ignored recommendations by its own scientific advisory committee, has taken a politically motivated action intended to target one particular community heavily involved in the Khat business. The ban is not intended to helping or caring for this invisible community that is already at the bottom of the British, but to further marginalise it and worse to criminalise some sections of the community.

They compare the UK government’s ban with the Somali government’s ban of the drug in Somalia in 1980s when the government was accused of oppressing a particular community (clan) that was heavily involved with the Khat business. At the time of the ban, this particular clan was perceived as supporting rebels in the north-west region of Somalia, and the act was seen as a punishment. The UK government’s motivation to ban the drug seems similar to the Somali government’s one because it is targeting a community that is already stigmatised as a supporter of terrorism. Money generated by the Khat business was perceived funding terrorist groups in Somalia and therefore the action is not done in a good faith, but as means to achieve political ends: to force the community to act like the wider British society, i.e. do not chew Khat, but drink beer instead.

And finally, opponents of the ban argue that the ban will encourage some vulnerable sections of the community to join radical groups through brainwashing in mosques. Having been denied of their long-term past-time cultural habit, it is only human nature to seek alternative ways to fill their psychological void and emptiness resulting from the ban. The best option and the one they know to overcome the new anxiety is to go to the mosque to recommit themselves to the worship of their Allah. For most Somalis, praying five times a day and their lives will be filled with meaning and joy. Hence the outcome of the ban is more radicalisation of an already isolated and vulnerable community.

To a committed Muslim community like Somalis, one of the worse things that an individual could do is to seek refuge in alcoholism, hence as one of their cultural entertainment has been banned, some individuals may join queues of the English Pub to fill in the void in their lives thus more alcoholics in the community causing more social problems.

The question is would then the UK government ban alcohol to save Somalis from the well known dangers of alcoholism?!!  I do not think so for obvious reasons.

Only time will tell which argument of both camps will prevail in the future.

By Muuse Yuusuf
Mareeg Media

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Beledi: A Khat type in Yemen

Beledi is one of the best types of Khat in Yemen.

A photo of 'Beledi Khat' ready to go to the market

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Yemeni khat chewers just don't want to quit

A Yemeni Guy Chewing

The Streets of Yemen's capital fill up at the end of a workday, nearly every man crowding the ancient passages of Sana'a with a noticeable bulge in his cheek, as if storing a small ball in his mouth. Yemen ranks among the 10 most "food-insecure" countries in the world, with a recent World Food Program study showing that nearly one-third of the population of 23 million do not have enough nutrition.

Source: WFP 

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